I. Isingeniso
I-Phospholipids iyisigaba sama-lipids ayizinto ezibalulekile ze-cell membranes. Isakhiwo sabo esiyingqayizivele, esihlanganisa ikhanda le-hydrophilic kanye nemisila emibili ye-hydrophobic, ivumela ama-phospholipid ukwakha isakhiwo se-bilayer, esebenza njengesithiyo esihlukanisa okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kweseli elivela emvelweni yangaphandle. Le ndima yezakhiwo ibalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho kanye nokusebenza kwamaseli kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ukubhalwa kweseli nokuxhumana kuyizinqubo ezibalulekile ezinika amandla amangqamuzana ukuthi ahlanganyele komunye nomunye kanye nemvelo yawo, avumela izimpendulo ezihlelekile ku-Stimuli ehlukahlukene. Amaseli angalawula ukukhula, ukuthuthuka, kanye nemisebenzi eminingi yomzimba ngalezi zinqubo. I-Cell Signaling Patways ifaka ukuhanjiswa kwamasiginali, njengama-hormone noma ama-neurotransmitters, atholwa ama-receptors ku-membrane cell, kubangele izehlakalo zezehlakalo eziholela ekuphenduleni okuthile kwamaselula.
Ukuqonda Indima yePhospholipidid ekusayinisweni kweseli nokuxhumana kubalulekile ekuvuseleleni ubunzima bokuthi amangqamuzana axhumana kanjani futhi axhumanise nemisebenzi yawo. Lokhu kuqonda kufinyelela kakhulu ekufinyeleleni okuthe xaxa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-cell biology, i-pharmacology kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe kwezifo eziningi nokuphazamiseka. Ngokufaka ekuxhumekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-phospholipids kanye nokusayina kweseli, singathola imininingwane ngezinqubo eziyisisekelo elawula indlela yokuziphatha kanye nomsebenzi.
II. Ukwakheka kwama-phospholipids
A. Ukuchazwa kwesakhiwo se-phospholipid:
Ama-phospholipids angama-molecule e-amphipathic, okusho ukuthi anazo zombili i-hydrophilic (ukuheha amanzi) kanye ne-hydrophobic (ukuphamba amanzi). Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwe-phospholipid kuqukethe i-glycerol molecule eboshelwe amaketanga amabili e-acid acid kanye neqembu elinamakhanda aqukethe i-phosphate. Imisila ye-hydrophobic, eyakhiwa ngamaketanga anamafutha acid, yakha ingaphakathi le-lipid bilayer, kanti amaqembu ekhanda e-hydrophilic ehlangana namanzi kuwo womabili langaphakathi nangaphandle le-membrane. Leli lungiselelo eliyingqayizivele livumela ama-phospholipid ukuthi azihlanganise abe yi-bilayer, nemisila ye-hydrophobic ethambekele ngaphakathi kanye namakhanda aphethwe yi-hydrophilic abheke ezindaweni ezinamanzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli.
B. Iqhaza le-phospholipid bilayer ku-membrane cell membrane:
I-Phospholipid Bilayer iyingxenye ebucayi yesakhiwo se-membrane yeseli, ukuhlinzeka ngesithiyo esivumelekile esilawula ukugeleza kwezinto ngaphambi nangaphandle kweseli. Lokhu okukhethiwe okukhethiwe kubalulekile ekugcineni kwemvelo yangaphakathi yeseli futhi kubalulekile ngezinqubo ezinjengokuthathwa kwezakhi, ukuqedwa kwemfucuza, nokuvikelwa kuma-ejenti ayingozi. Ngale ndlela yayo yesakhiwo, i-phospholipid bilayer nayo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusayineni kweseli nokuxhumana.
Imodeli ye-Fluid kalwelwesi yeseli, ehlongozwe ngumculi noNicolson ngonyaka we-1972, igcizelela isimo esishukumisayo nesi-membrane, nama-phospholipids njalo ihamba futhi amaprotheni ahlukahlukene asakazeke kuwo wonke ama-lipid bilayer. Lesi sakhiwo esinamandla sibalulekile ekusayineni kweseli nokuxhumana. Ama-receptors, ama-Ion iziteshi, namanye amaprotheni asayina afakwa ngaphakathi kwe-phospholipid bilayer futhi ebalulekile ukuze aqaphele amasiginali angaphandle futhi awadlulisele kwingaphakathi leseli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zama-phospholipid, njengo-fluolity wazo kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa i-lipid rafts, ukuthonya inhlangano kanye nokusebenza kwamaprotheni alwelwelwe ulwelwesi kanye nokusebenza kwamaprotheni athuthukisiwe englishweni. Ukuziphatha okunamandla kwama-phospholipids kuthinta ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kanye nomsebenzi wokusayina amaprotheni, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ukucaciswa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokusayina.
Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-phospholipids kanye nokwakheka kwe-membrane yeseli kunemiphumela enkulu yezinqubo eziningi zebhayoloji, kufaka phakathi i-homeostasis yeselula, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nezifo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Phospholipid Biology Ngocwaningo lokusayina amaseli kuyaqhubeka ukuveza ukuqonda okubucayi kokuphakathi kwe-cell ukuxhumana futhi kubambe isithembiso sokuthuthuka kwamasu okulashwa athuthukile.
III. Indima ye-phospholipids ku-Cell Signaling
A. Phospholipids njenge-molecule esayina
I-Phospholipids, njengezindawo ezivelele zolwelwesi lwamaseli, ziveze njengezimpawu ezibalulekile zokusayina ekuxhumaneni kwamaseli. AmaHhombisa amaHydrophilic ama-phospholipid, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe ama-phosphates we-inositol, asebenze njengezithunywa zesibili ezibalulekile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokusayina. Isibonelo, i-phosphatidliwayonositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PIP2) njenge-molecule ebonakalayo ngokunamathela kwi-inositol trisphosphate (IP3) kanye ne-diacylllycerol (dag) ephendula ushukumisi we-extraceltur. Lawa ma-molecule athambekele e-lipid atholakala edlala indima ehlukahlukene ekulawuleni amazinga we-calcium e-calcium e-intracellarar futhi asebenzise amaprotheni ama-protein c, ngaleyo ndlela aguqule izinqubo zeselula ezahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi ukwanda kwamaseli, umehluko, kanye nokufuduka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phospholipidid afana ne-phosphatidic acid (PA) kanye ne-lelysophospholipipipids baqashelwe njengokusayina ama-molecule athonya ngokuqondile izimpendulo zamaselula ngokuxhumana namatshe athile ahlosiwe. Isibonelo, i-PA isebenza njengomlamuli okhiye ekukhuleni kwamaseli nokwanda ngokwenza kusebenze amaprotheni okusayina, ngenkathi kuhileleka i-Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ekuqondisweni kwama-cytoskeletal dynamics, ukusinda kwamaseli, nokufuduka. Lezi zindima ezahlukahlukene zama-phospholipid ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kwazo ekuhlobiseni amakhekhe ama-cascaling ayinkimbinkimbi wokusayina ngaphakathi kwamaseli.
B. Ukubandakanyeka kwama-phospholipids ezindaweni zokudluliselwa kwesiginali
Ukubandakanyeka kwama-phospholipids ezindaweni zokudluliselwa kwe-Signal TransDuction kuboniswe yindima yazo ebalulekile ekuguqukeni komsebenzi wama-receptors aboshwe nge-membrane, ikakhulukazi ama-protein ahlanganisiwe (ama-GPCRS). Ku-Ligand ukubopha ku-GPCRS, i-phospholipase C (PLC) icushiwe, okuholela kwi-hydrolysis ye-PIP2 kanye nesizukulwane se-IP3 neDag. I-IPS ibeka ukukhishwa kwe-calcium kusuka ezitolo ze-intracellular, ngenkathi i-dag isebenza i-protein kinase c, ekugcineni ifinyelela ekuqondisweni kwe-gene expression, ukukhula kwamaseli, nokudluliselwa kwe-synaptic.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phosphoositides, ikilasi lama-phospholipids, asebenze njengezingosi ezihlanjululweni zokusayina amaprotheni azibandakanye ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi lokusebenzisa ukushushumbiswa membrane kanye ne-Actin Cytoskeleton Gynamics. Ukuxhumeka okunamandla phakathi kwama-phosphoositides kanye namaprotheni awo axhumana anikela ekuqondisweni kwezindawo zokusayina kanye nokwenziwa kwezinye izimpendulo zokusayina, zibumba izimpendulo zamaselula ku-exteraceltur stimula.
Ukubandakanyeka okuningi okuhlanganisiwe kwama-phospholipids ku-Cell SINGLING kanye ne-Signal TransDument Pathys igcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo njengababhali abasemqoka be-Homeostasis yeselula kanye nomsebenzi.
IV. Phospholipids kanye nokuxhumana kwe-intracellular
A. Phospholipids ekusayineni kwe-intracellular
I-Phospholipids, isigaba sama-lipid aqukethe iqembu le-phosphate, dlala izindima ezihlanganisiwe ekusayineni kwe-intracellular, ukuhlela izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zeselula ngokuzibandakanya kwazo. Isibonelo esisodwa esivelele yiPhosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PIP2), i-phospholipid etholakala ngolwelwesi lwe-plasma. Ephendula i-extraceltur stimuli, i-PIP2 inamathela kwi-inositol trisphosphate (IP3) kanye ne-diacylllycer (dag) yi-enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). I-IPS ibeka ukukhishwa kwe-calcium kusuka ezitolo ze-intracellular, ngenkathi i-dag isebenza amaprotheni c, ekugcineni ilawule imisebenzi ehlukahlukene enjengesakhiwo semali, umehluko, kanye ne-cytoskeletal requrganization.
Ngokwengeziwe, amanye ama-phospholipid, kufaka phakathi i-phosphatidic acid (PA) kanye ne-Lysophospholipipids, kukhonjwe njengokugxekwa ekusayineni kwe-intracellular. I-PA inomthelela ekuqondisweni kokukhula kwamaseli nokwanda ngokwenza njenge-activator yamaprotheni ahlukahlukene okusayina. ILysophphatidic acid (LPA) iye yaqashelwa ukubandakanyeka kwayo ekushintsheni kweseli okusinda, ukufuduka, kanye nama-cytoskeletal dynamics. Lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela izindima ezahlukahlukene nezibalulekile ze-phospholipids njengokusayina ama-molecule ngaphakathi kweseli.
B. Ukuxhumana kwama-phospholipids ngamaprotheni nama-receptors
Ama-phospholipids axhumana nawo amaprotheni ahlukahlukene kanye nama-receptors ukuguqula izindlela zokusayina amaselula. Ngokusobala, ama-phosphoositides, i-subgroup of phospholipids, asebenze njengamapulatifomu okuqashwa kanye nokwenza kusebenze amaprotheni asayina. Isibonelo, i-phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate (PIP3) IMISEBENZI YOKUGCINWA KWAMAKHAYA KOKUQHAWULA KWEMALI YOKUQALA NOKUTHOLA amaprotheni aqukethe ulwelwesi lwe-pleckstrin (ph) ku-Dowstream ukusayina imicimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlangano eguquguqukayo yama-phospholipids anamaprotheni okusayina nama-receptors avumela ukulawulwa okuqondile kwe-spatiotsoral kokusayina imicimbi esitokisini ngaphakathi kweseli.
Ukusebenzisana okuningiliziwe kwama-phospholipid namaprotheni nama-receptors agqamisa indima yawo ebaluleke kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezindlela zokusayina kwe-intracellular, ekugcineni kufaka isandla ekulawulweni kwemisebenzi yamaselula.
V. Ukulawulwa kwama-phospholipids ku-Cell Snaling
A. Enzymes kanye nezindlela ezibandakanyeke ku-phospholipid metabolism
I-Phospholipids ilawulwa ngamandla ngenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yama-enzyme nasezindleleni, ithonya ubuningi babo nokusebenza ekusayineni kweseli. Indlela eyodwa enjalo ifaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuningi kwe-phosphatidylinositol (PI) kanye nezinto zayo ze-phosphorylated, ezaziwa njengePhosphoinositides. Phosphatidlonositol 4-kinases kanye phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases ama-enzyme ahlekisa i-phosphorylation ye-PI ezikhundleni ze-P4 nezikhundla ze-D5, ekhiqiza i-phosphatidliwayonositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), ngokulandelana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-phosphatases, njenge-phosphatase kanye ne-tensin homol (PENTE), ama-phophophorylate phosphositides, elawula amazinga abo kanye nomthelela ekusayineni kwamaselula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-de Novono synthesis yama-phospholipids, ikakhulukazi i-phosphatidic acid (PA), ilawulwa ama-enzyme afana ne-phospholipase D kanye ne-phosypholipase C. Le midlalo ye-exzymatic ilawula ngokuhlangene amazinga we-bikoactive Ama-Lipid Mediator, ethinta izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokusayina amaseli futhi afake isandla ekunakekelweni kwe-Homeostasis yamaselula.
B. Umthelela wokulawulwa kwe-phospholipid ngezinqubo zokusayina amaseli
Ukulawulwa kwama-phospholipids kunamandla amakhulu ezinqubweni zokusayina amaseli ngokuguqula imisebenzi yama-molecule abhalisayo asemqoka nasezindleleni. Isibonelo, inzuzo ye-PIP2 nge-phospholipase C yakha i-Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) kanye ne-DiacylLycerol (DAG), okuholela ekukhishweni kwe-calcium ye-intracellular nokwenza kusebenze kweprotheni ye-kinase C, ngokulandelana. Lokhu kusayina i-cascade ithonya izimpendulo zamaselula ezinjenge-neurotransission, ukuthengiswa kwemisipha, nokusebenza kweseli lokungenamthetho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwamazinga ama-phosphoonositides kuthinta ukuqashwa kanye nokwenza kusebenze amaprotheni asebenza ngokuqhakambisa izizinda ze-lipid, izinqubo ezinomthelela njenge-endocytosis, ama-cytoskeletal dynamics, kanye nokufuduka kwamaselula. Ngokwengeziwe, ukulawulwa kwamazinga we-PA ngama-phospholipases kanye nama-phosphatases athonya ukushushumbiswa kwe-membrane, ukukhula kwamaseli, kanye nezindlela zokusayina ze-lipid.
I-Interplay phakathi kwe-Phospholipid Metabolism kanye nokusayina kweseli kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulawulwa kwe-phospholipid ekugcineni umsebenzi weselula nokuphendula ku-extracelture stimula.
VI. Ukugcina
A. Isifinyezo sezindima ezibalulekile ze-phospholipids ekusayineni kweseli nokuxhumana
Ngamafuphi, ama-phospholipids adlala izindima eziPivotal ekuxhumeni kwamaseli ezitokisini nasezinqumweni zokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zebhayoloji. Ukwehlukahlukana kwabo okuhlelekile nokusebenza kubenza bakwazi ukusebenza njengababhali bezimpendulo eziguquguqukayo zezimpendulo zamaselula, ezinezindima ezibalulekile kufaka phakathi:
Inhlangano Ye-Membrane:
I-Phospholipids yakha amabhlogo wokwakha ayisisekelo ama-membrane amaselula, asungule uhlaka oluhlelekile lokuhlukaniswa kwama-compandin ama-protein. Amandla abo okukhiqiza ama-microdomains we-lipid, njenge-lipid rafts, athonya inhlangano yendawo yokusayina izakhiwo nokuxhumana kwazo, okuthinta ukucaciswa kokusayina kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ukudluliselwa kwesiginali:
I-Phospholipids isebenza njengabalahlanga ababalulekile ekudluliseleni amasiginali e-extracellar kwizimpendulo ze-intracellular. Ama-phosphoonositides asebenza njengama-molecule asayina, aguqula imisebenzi yamaprotheni auphuli ahlukahlukene, ngenkathi ama-fatty acids kanye nama-lightophospholipipids asebenza njengezithunywa zesibili, ethonya kusebenze ukusayina amakhasino kanye ne-gene expression.
Ukushintshwa kokusayina kweseli:
I-Phospholipids ifaka isandla ekuqondisweni kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusayina, i-Exerting Lawula inqubo efana ne-Cell Proliferation, umehluko, i-apoptosis, kanye nezimpendulo zokuzivikela komzimba. Ukuzibandakanya kwabo esizukulwaneni sabahlinzeki be-bioactive Lipid Medriator, kufaka phakathi ama-eicosanoids kanye nama-spingingipids, kukhombisa umthelela wabo kumanethiwekhi wokuvuvukala, we-metabolic, kanye ne-apoptotic asayina.
Ukuxhumana kwe-Interceselela:
I-Phospholipids nayo ibamba iqhaza ekuxhumaneni kwe-intercellular ngokukhishwa kwama-mentators e-lipid, njenge-prostaglandins nama-leukotrotrienes, ahumusha imisebenzi yamaseli angomakhelwane nezicubu, okulawula ukuvuvukala, kanye nomsebenzi wemithambo.
Iminikelo eyaziwayo yama-phospholipids ukusayina ama-photos
B. izinkomba zesikhathi esizayo zocwaningo kuma-phospholipids ekusayineni kwamaselula
Njengoba izindima eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-phospholipids ku-Cell Slanting ziyaqhubeka zembuliwe, izindlela eziningi ezijabulisayo zokucwaninga okuzayo, kufaka phakathi:
Izindlela ezihlukanisayo:
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu athuthukile wokuhlaziya, njenge-lipidomics, nge-molecular kanye ne-biology ye-molecular kuzothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngezinqubo ze-phospholipids ezinhlanganweni zokusayina. Ukuhlola i-crosstalk phakathi kwe-lipid metabolism, ukushushumbisa i-membrane, kanye nokusayinwa kwamaselula kuzokwambula izindlela zokulawula amanoveli kanye nemigomo yokwelapha.
Imibono ye-Systems Biology:
I-Leverang Systems Biology isondela, kufaka phakathi imodeli yezibalo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi, kuzothuthukisa ukucaciswa komthelela womhlaba we-phospholipid amanethiwekhi okusayina amaselula. Ukubonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-phospholipids, ama-enzyme, kanye nokusayina abasebenza kuzocacisa izakhiwo ezivelayo kanye nezindlela zokuphendula elawula ukulawulwa kwendlela.
Imiphumela yokwelapha:
Ukuphenya i-dysregation yama-phospholipid ezifweni, njengomdlavuza, ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative, kanye nezinyembezi ze-metabolic, kuveza ithuba lokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe. Ukuqonda izindima ze-phospholipid ekuqhubekeni kwezifo ekuqhubekeni kwezifo ekuhlolweni kwezifo futhi ukukhomba amasu wenoveli ukuguqula imisebenzi yabo kunesithembiso sokuthola imininingwane yezokwelapha.
Ekuphetheni, ulwazi olukhule njalo lwama-phospholipids kanye nokuzibandakanya kwabo okuyinkimbinkimbi ekuxhumaneni kwamaselula kanye nokuxhumana okumangazayo kuveza umngcele othokozisayo wokuqhubeka nokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kanye nomthelela oguqukayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yocwaningo lwe-biomedical.
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Kakaksonen, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Izindlela zeClathrin-Medited Endocytosis. Imvelo Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Molecular Cell Biology, 19 (5), 313-326.
I-Balla, T. (2013). I-Phosphoonositides: Ama-Liny Lipids anomthelela omkhulu kwi-Cell Regulation. Ukubuyekezwa ngokomzimba, 93 (3), 1019-1137.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Dece-29-2023
