I. Isingeniso
Ama-phospholipids ayikilasi lama-lipids ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zolwelwesi lwamaseli futhi anesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esihlanganisa ikhanda le-hydrophilic kanye nemisila ye-hydrophobic. Imvelo ye-amphipathic ye-phospholipids ibavumela ukuthi bakhe ama-lipid bilayers, okuyisisekelo se-membrane yamaseli. Ama-phospholipids akhiwa umgogodla we-glycerol, amaketanga amabili e-fatty acid, neqembu le-phosphate, elinamaqembu ahlukene aseceleni ahlanganiswe ne-phosphate. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ama-phospholipid amandla okuzihlanganisa ngokwawo abe ama-lipid bilayers nama-vesicles, abalulekile ekusebenzeni kobuqotho nokusebenza kolwelwesi lwebhayoloji.
Ama-phospholipids adlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile, kufaka phakathi i-emulsification, i-solubilization, kanye nemiphumela yokusimamisa. Embonini yokudla, ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers neziqinisi ekudleni okugayiwe, kanye nezithako ezinomsoco ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo zezempilo ezingaba khona. Kwezimonyo, ama-phospholipids asetshenziselwa izakhiwo zawo zokuthambisa nokuthambisa, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Ukwengeza, ama-phospholipids anezicelo ezibalulekile kwezemithi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokwakhiwa, ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuhlanganisa nokuletha izidakamizwa ezihlosweni ezithile emzimbeni.
II. Indima ye-Phospholipids ekudleni
A. I-Emulsification kanye nezakhiwo zokuzinzisa
Ama-phospholipids asebenza njengama-emulsifiers abalulekile embonini yokudla ngenxa yemvelo yawo ye-amphiphilic. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zihlanganyele kokubili amanzi namafutha, okuwenza aphumelele ekuqiniseni ama-emulsion, njengemayonnaise, ukugqoka isaladi, nemikhiqizo yobisi ehlukahlukene. Inhloko ye-hydrophilic ye-molecule ye-phospholipid ikhangwa emanzini, kuyilapho imisila ye-hydrophobic ixoshwa yiyo, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokuxhumana okuzinzile phakathi kwamafutha namanzi. Lesi sakhiwo sisiza ukuvimbela ukuhlukana nokugcina ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwezithako emikhiqizweni yokudla.
B. Sebenzisa ekulungiseni nasekukhiqizeni ukudla
Ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa ekucubunguleni ukudla kwezakhiwo zawo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ikhono lawo lokuguqula indlela yokwenza, ukuthuthukisa i-viscosity, nokuhlinzeka ngokuzinza emikhiqizweni yokudla. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto ezibhakwayo, i-confectionery, nemikhiqizo yobisi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi nempilo yeshalofu yemikhiqizo yokugcina. Ukwengeza, ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa njengama-anti-sticking agents ekucubunguleni inyama, izinkukhu, nemikhiqizo yezilwane zasolwandle.
C. Izinzuzo zezempilo kanye nezicelo zokudla okunomsoco
Ama-phospholipids aneqhaza kwikhwalithi yokudla okunomsoco njengezakhi zemvelo zemithombo eminingi yokudla, njengamaqanda, ubhontshisi wesoya, nemikhiqizo yobisi. Baqashelwa ngezinzuzo zabo zezempilo ezingaba khona, okuhlanganisa indima yabo ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwamangqamuzana, kanye nekhono labo lokusekela impilo yobuchopho nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ama-phospholipids nawo acwaningwa ngamandla awo okuthuthukisa i-lipid metabolism nempilo yenhliziyo.
III. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Phospholipids ku-Cosmetics
A. Emulsifying futhi moisturizing imiphumela
Ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa kabanzi kumikhiqizo yezimonyo kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ngemiphumela yawo emulsifying kanye neyomswakama. Ngenxa yemvelo yawo ye-amphiphilic, ama-phospholipids ayakwazi ukudala ama-emulsion azinzile, okuvumela izithako ezisekelwe emanzini namafutha ukuba zixubane, okuholela kumakhilimu nama-lotions anezimo ezibushelelezi, ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele se-phospholipids sibenza bakwazi ukulingisa umgoqo wemvelo we-lipid wesikhumba, umswakama ngokuphumelelayo esikhumbeni futhi uvimbele ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi, okunenzuzo ekugcineni ukukhishwa kwesikhumba nokuvimbela ukoma.
Ama-phospholipids anjenge-lecithin asetshenziswe njengama-emulsifiers kanye nama-moisturizers emikhiqizweni eyahlukene yezimonyo ne-skincare, okuhlanganisa okhilimu, izinto zokugcoba, ama-serum, nama-sunscreens. Ikhono labo lokuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, ukuzwakala, kanye nezakhiwo zokuswakama zale mikhiqizo kubenza babe izithako ezibalulekile embonini yezimonyo.
B. Ukuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo
Ama-phospholipids adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwezimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. Ikhono labo lokwakha ama-liposomes, ama-vesicles akhiwe ngama-bilayers we-phospholipid, avumela ukugoqa nokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo, njengamavithamini, ama-antioxidants, nezinye izithako ezizuzisayo. Le encapsulation isiza ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza, i-bioavailability, kanye nokulethwa okuhlosiwe kwalezi zinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo esikhumbeni, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwazo emikhiqizweni yezimonyo neye-skincare.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokulethwa kwe-phospholipid zisetshenziselwe ukunqoba izinselelo zokuletha amakhompiyutha asebenzayo we-hydrophobic kanye ne-hydrophilic, okuwenza abe abathwali abaguquguqukayo bemisebenzi eminingi yezimonyo. Ama-liposomal formulations aqukethe ama-phospholipids asetshenziswe kabanzi emikhiqizweni elwa nokuguga, ethambisayo, neyokulungisa isikhumba, lapho engakwazi ukuletha izithako ezisebenzayo ngempumelelo ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezihlosiwe.
C. Iqhaza ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu
Ama-phospholipids adlala indima ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba nasemikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu, enomthelela ekusebenzeni nasekusebenzeni kwawo. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zawo zokuhlanganisa, ezithambisayo, nezithuthukisa ukuletha, ama-phospholipid aphinde anikeze izinzuzo ezifana nokulungisa isikhumba, ukuvikela, nokukhanda. Lawa ma-molecule ahlukahlukene angasiza ukuthuthukisa umuzwa ophelele wezinzwa nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo, awenze izithako ezidumile ekwakhiweni kokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
Ukufakwa kwama-phospholipids ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba nasemikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu kudlulela ngalé kwezinto zokuthambisa kanye nokhilimu, njengoba ziphinde zisetshenziswe ezintweni zokuhlanza, izikhilimu elangeni, ezikhipha izimonyo, nemikhiqizo yokunakekela izinwele. Imvelo yabo enemisebenzi eminingi ibavumela ukuthi babhekane nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokunakekelwa kwesikhumba nezinwele, banikeze kokubili izinzuzo zezimonyo nezokwelapha kubathengi.
IV. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Phospholipids Emithi
A. Ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokwakhiwa
Ama-phospholipids adlala indima ebalulekile ekulethweni nasekukhiweni kwemithi ngenxa yemvelo yawo ephilayo, okubavumela ukuthi bakhe ama-lipid bilayers nama-vesicles akwazi ukuhlanganisa kokubili izidakamizwa ze-hydrophobic kanye ne-hydrophilic. Lesi sakhiwo sinika amandla ama-phospholipids ukuthi athuthukise ukunyibilika, ukuzinza, kanye ne-bioavailability yezidakamizwa ezingancibiliki kahle, okuthuthukisa amandla azo okusetshenziswa kokwelapha. Amasistimu okulethwa kwezidakamizwa asekelwe ku-phospholipid angaphinda avikele izidakamizwa ekonakalisweni, alawule ukukhululwa kwe-kinetics, futhi aqondise amaseli athile noma izicubu, okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kwezidakamizwa kanye nemiphumela engemihle eyehlisiwe.
Ikhono lama-phospholipids ukwenza izakhiwo ezizihlanganisele ngokwazo, njengama-liposomes nama-micelles, lisetshenziswe kabi ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo zemithi ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amafomu omthamo womlomo, womzali, kanye nangokwezihloko. Ukwakhiwa okusekelwe ku-lipid, njengama-emulsions, ama-lipid nanoparticles aqinile, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ezizikhandlayo, ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ama-phospholipids ukuze anqobe izinselele ezihambisana nokuncibilika kwezidakamizwa nokumuncwa, ekugcineni athuthukise imiphumela yokwelapha yemikhiqizo yemithi.
B. Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ze-Liposomal
Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ze-Liposomal ziyisibonelo esivelele sendlela ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa ngayo ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi. Ama-Liposomes, akhiwe ngama-bilayers e-phospholipid, anekhono lokuhlanganisa izidakamizwa ngaphakathi kwe-aqueous core noma i-lipid bilayers, ehlinzeka ngendawo evikelayo futhi elawula ukukhishwa kwezidakamizwa. Lezi zinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa zingenziwa ngendlela efanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulethwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi, okuhlanganisa ama-ejenti e-chemotherapeutic, ama-antibiotics, nemithi yokugoma, enikeza izinzuzo ezifana nesikhathi eside sokujikeleza, ubuthi obuncishisiwe, kanye nokuqondiswa okuthuthukisiwe kwezicubu ezithile noma amaseli.
Ukuhlukahluka kwama-liposomes kuvumela ukushintshwa kosayizi wawo, ukushaja, kanye nezakhiwo ezingaphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulayishwa kwezidakamizwa, ukuzinza, nokusabalalisa kwezicubu. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokwakheka kwe-liposomal okuvunyelwe ngokomtholampilo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokwelapha ezihlukahlukene, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwama-phospholipids ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokulethwa kwezidakamizwa.
C. Izicelo ezingase zibe khona ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha nokwelashwa
Ama-phospholipids anamandla okufaka izicelo ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha nokwelashwa ngale kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa. Ikhono labo lokuxhumana nolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana futhi lilinganise izinqubo zamaselula linikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa amasu okwelapha anoveli. Ukwakhiwa okusekelwe ku-phospholipid kuye kwaphenywa ngekhono lazo lokukhomba izindlela ze-intracellular, modulate gene expression, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-ejenti okwelapha ahlukahlukene, okuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ezindaweni ezifana nokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo, umuthi wokuvuselela kabusha, kanye nokwelashwa komdlavuza okuhlosiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phospholipids ahlolelwe indima yawo ekukhuthazeni ukulungiswa nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu, abonise amandla ekwelapheni amanxeba, ubunjiniyela bezicubu, kanye nemithi yokuvuselela kabusha. Ikhono labo lokulingisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli emvelo nokusebenzelana nezinhlelo zebhayoloji lenza ama-phospholipid abe umzila othembisayo wokuthuthukisa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha nezindlela zokwelapha.
V. Izinselele kanye Nezikhombisi-ndlela Ezizayo
A. Ukucatshangelwa kwemithetho kanye nokukhathazeka kokuphepha
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids ekudleni, izimonyo, kanye nemithi kuveza ukucatshangelwa okuhlukahlukene kokulawula kanye nokukhathazeka kokuphepha. Embonini yokudla, ama-phospholipids avame ukusetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers, ama-stabilizer, nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo. Izikhungo ezilawulayo, ezifana neFood and Drug Administration (FDA) e-United States kanye ne-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) e-Europe, zengamela ukuphepha nokulebula kwemikhiqizo yokudla equkethe ama-phospholipid. Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izithasiselo zokudla ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid ziphephile ukusetshenziswa futhi zihambisana nemithethonqubo emisiwe.
Embonini yezimonyo, ama-phospholipids asetshenziswa ekunakekelweni kwezinwele, ekunakekelweni kwezinwele, nasemikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ngezakhiwo zawo ezivuselelayo, ezithambisayo nezithuthukisa izithiyo zesikhumba. Ama-ejensi alawulayo, afana ne-European Union's Cosmetics Regulation kanye ne-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), aqapha ukuphepha nokulebula kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo equkethe ama-phospholipids ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa kwabathengi. Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kanye nezifundo ze-toxicological zenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe iphrofayili yokuphepha yezithako zezimonyo ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid.
Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha nokulawula kwe-phospholipids kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwakheka kwe-liposomal, kanye nezinto ezisizayo zemithi. Iziphathimandla ezilawulayo, njenge-FDA kanye ne-European Medicines Agency (EMA), zihlola ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezemithi equkethe ama-phospholipid ngezinqubo eziqinile zokuhlola umtholampilo kanye nokuhlolwa komtholampilo. Ukukhathazeka kokuphepha okuhlotshaniswa nama-phospholipids kwezemithi ngokuyinhloko kuzungeza ubuthi obungaba khona, ukuzivikela komzimba, kanye nokuhambisana nezinto zezidakamizwa.
B. Amathrendi asafufusa kanye nezinto ezintsha
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids ekudleni, kwezimonyo, nakwezemithi kuhlangabezana nezitayela ezivelayo kanye nentuthuko entsha. Embonini yokudla, ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids njengama-emulsifiers emvelo neziqinisi kuyadlondlobala, kuqhutshwa isidingo esikhulayo selebula elihlanzekile nezithako zokudla zemvelo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, obufana nama-nanoemulsions aqiniswa ama-phospholipids, buyahlolwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunyibilika nokutholakala kwe-bioavailability yezingxenye zokudla ezisebenzayo, njengezinhlanganisela ze-bioactive namavithamini.
Embonini yezimonyo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids ekwakhiweni kokunakekelwa kwesikhumba okuthuthukisiwe kuwumkhuba ovelele, okugxilwe kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokulethwa ezisekelwe ku-lipid zezithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokulungisa izithiyo zesikhumba. Amafomula afaka ama-nanocarriers asekelwe ku-phospholipid, njengama-liposomes kanye nabathwali be-lipid e-nanostructured (NLCs), athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokulethwa okuhlosiwe kwezimonyo ezisebenzayo, okunikela ezenzweni ezintsha zokulwa nokuguga, ukuvikela ilanga, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-skincare yomuntu siqu.
Ngaphakathi komkhakha wezokwelapha, izitayela ezivelayo ekulethweni kwezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid zihlanganisa imithi yomuntu siqu, izindlela zokwelapha eziqondiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ezihlanganisiwe. Izithwali ezithuthukisiwe ezisekelwe ku-lipid, okuhlanganisa i-hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles kanye nezihlanganisi zezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-lipid, ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulethwa kwenoveli nokwelapha okukhona, kubhekwane nezinselele ezihlobene nokuncibilika kwezidakamizwa, ukuzinza, nokukhomba indawo ethile.
C. Amathuba okubambisana phakathi kwezimboni kanye namathuba entuthuko
Ukuguquguquka kwe-phospholipids kuveza amathuba okubambisana kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha ezimpambanweni zokudla, izimonyo, nemithi. Ukusebenzisana kwe-cross-industry kungenza kube lula ukushintshaniswa kolwazi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemikhuba engcono kakhulu ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids emikhakheni ehlukene. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bezinhlelo zokulethwa kwe-lipid-based embonini yezemithi bungasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezisuselwa ku-lipid ekudleni nasezimonyoni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlangana kokudla, izimonyo, nemithi kuholela ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo esebenza ngezindlela eziningi ebhekana nezidingo zempilo, impilo enhle, kanye nobuhle. Isibonelo, i-nutraceuticals kanye ne-cosmeceuticals ehlanganisa i-phospholipids iyavela ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwemboni ehlukahlukene, ehlinzeka ngezixazululo ezintsha ezikhuthaza kokubili izinzuzo zezempilo zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Lokhu kubambisana kuphinde kukhuthaze amathuba ocwaningo nentuthuko okuhloswe ngawo ukuhlola ama-synergies angenzeka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenoveli kwama-phospholipids ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo esebenza ngezindlela eziningi.
VI. Isiphetho
A. Isibuyekezo sokusebenza ngezindlela eziningi kanye nokubaluleka kwama-phospholipids
Ama-phospholipids adlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, enikeza inhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni yokudla, yezimonyo neyokwenza imithi. Isakhiwo sazo samakhemikhali esiyingqayizivele, esihlanganisa kokubili izifunda ze-hydrophilic kanye ne-hydrophobic, zibenza bakwazi ukusebenza njengama-emulsifiers, ama-stabilizer, nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo. Embonini yezokudla, ama-phospholipids aneqhaza ekuzinzeni nasekuthunjweni kokudla okugayiwe, kuyilapho kwezimonyo, ahlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezithambisayo, emollient, nezithuthukisa izithiyo emikhiqizweni ye-skincare. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yezemithi isebenzisa ama-phospholipids ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwakheka kwe-liposomal, nanjengezinto ezisizayo zemithi ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuthuthukisa i-bioavailability kanye nokukhomba izindawo ezithile zokwenza okuthile.
B. Imithelela yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nezicelo zezimboni
Njengoba ucwaningo emkhakheni we-phospholipids luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kunemithelela eminingi yezifundo zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezicelo zezimboni. Okokuqala, ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenzisana okungaba khona phakathi kwe-phospholipids nezinye izinhlanganisela kungavula indlela yokwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo enoveli esebenza ngezinto eziningi ebhekelela izidingo eziguqukayo zabathengi. Ukwengeza, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids kumapulatifomu obuchwepheshe asafufusa njengama-nanoemulsions, i-lipid-based nanocarriers, kanye ne-hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles kunesithembiso sokuthuthukisa i-bioavailability kanye nokulethwa okuhlosiwe kwamakhompiyutha e-bioactive ekudleni, izimonyo, kanye nemithi. Lolu cwaningo lungaholela ekwakhiweni kokwakhiwa komkhiqizo omusha okunikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe nempumelelo.
Ngokombono wezimboni, ukubaluleka kwama-phospholipids ezinhlelweni ezehlukene kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo nokusebenzisana ngaphakathi nasezimbonini zonkana. Ngesidingo esikhulayo sezithako zemvelo nezisebenzayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-phospholipids ekudleni, kwezimonyo, nakwezemithi kunikeza izinkampani ithuba lokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, eqhubekayo ehambisana nokuthandwa ngabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni zesikhathi esizayo zama-phospholipids kungase kuhilele ukubambisana kwemikhakha ehlukene, lapho ulwazi nobuchwepheshe obuvela ezimbonini zokudla, izimonyo, kanye nemithi zingashintshaniswa ukuze kwakhiwe imikhiqizo emisha, esebenzayo enikeza izinzuzo eziphelele zezempilo nobuhle.
Sengiphetha, ukuguquguquka kwe-phospholipids nokubaluleka kwayo ekudleni, kwezimonyo, nakwezemithi kuwenza abe izingxenye ezibalulekile zemikhiqizo eminingi. Amandla abo ocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nezicelo zezimboni avula indlela yenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo ezingxenyeni eziningi zezithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokwakhiwa okusha, okubumba indawo yemakethe yomhlaba kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-27-2023
