I. Isingeniso
Ama-phospholipid ayisigaba sama-lipid ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zama-membrane eseli futhi anesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esakhiwe ikhanda elithanda amanzi kanye nemisila ethanda amanzi. Imvelo yama-phospholipid angaphakathi kwe-amphipathic iwavumela ukuthi akhe ama-bilayer e-lipid, ayisisekelo sama-membrane eseli. Ama-phospholipid akhiwe umgogodla we-glycerol, izintambo ezimbili zama-fatty acid, kanye neqembu le-phosphate, elinamaqembu ahlukahlukene aseceleni anamathele ku-phosphate. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ama-phospholipid ikhono lokuzihlanganisa abe ama-bilayer e-lipid nama-vesicle, abalulekile ekuqineni nasekusebenzeni kwama-membrane ezinto eziphilayo.
Ama-phospholipid adlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-emulsification, ukuncibilikiswa, kanye nemiphumela yokuzinzisa. Embonini yokudla, ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa njenge-emulsifiers kanye ne-stabilizers ekudleni okucutshunguliwe, kanye nezithako zokudla okunempilo ngenxa yezinzuzo zawo zezempilo ezingaba khona. Ezimonyweni, ama-phospholipid asetshenziselwa izakhiwo zawo zokuhlanganisa kanye nokufaka umswakama, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phospholipid anezicelo ezibalulekile emithini yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokwakheka kwazo, ngenxa yamandla awo okuhlanganisa nokuletha izidakamizwa ezindaweni ezithile emzimbeni.
II. Indima Yama-Phospholipid Ekudleni
A. Izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa nokuqinisa
Ama-phospholipid asebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile zokuhlanganisa i-emulsifier embonini yokudla ngenxa yemvelo yazo yokuhlanganisa i-amphiphilic. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zisebenzisane namanzi namafutha, okwenza zisebenze kahle ekuqiniseni i-emulsion, njenge-mayonnaise, i-salad dressing, kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi ehlukahlukene. Ikhanda elihlanganisa i-hydrophilic le-molecule ye-phospholipid likhangwa amanzi, kuyilapho imisila ehlanganisa i-hydrophobic ixoshwa yiwo, okuholela ekwakhekeni kokuxhumana okuzinzile phakathi kwamafutha namanzi. Lesi sici sisiza ukuvimbela ukuhlukana nokugcina ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwezithako emikhiqizweni yokudla.
B. Ukusetshenziswa ekucubungulweni nasekukhiqizweni kokudla
Ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa ekucubungulweni kokudla ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ikhono lawo lokushintsha ukuthungwa, ukuthuthukisa ukujiya, nokunikeza ukuzinza kwemikhiqizo yokudla. Avame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla ezibhakiwe, amaswidi, kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nokuphila kweshelufu kwemikhiqizo yokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa njengezinto ezivimbela ukunamathela ekucubungulweni kwenyama, izinkukhu, kanye nemikhiqizo yasolwandle.
C. Izinzuzo zezempilo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokudla okunempilo
Ama-phospholipid anegalelo kwikhwalithi yokudla okunomsoco njengezinto zemvelo ezitholakala emithonjeni eminingi yokudla, njengamaqanda, ubhontshisi, nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ayaziwa ngezinzuzo zawo ezingaba khona zempilo, okuhlanganisa nendima yawo esakhiweni nasemsebenzini wamaseli, kanye nekhono lawo lokusekela impilo yobuchopho kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ama-phospholipid acwaningwa futhi ngamandla awo okuthuthukisa i-lipid metabolism kanye nempilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
III. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Phospholipids Ezimonyweni
A. Imiphumela yokuqinisa nokufaka umswakama
Ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimonyweni nasezikhiqizweni zokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ngenxa yemiphumela yawo yokuqinisa nokuqinisa. Ngenxa yemvelo yawo yokuxubana namanzi, ama-phospholipid ayakwazi ukudala ama-emulsion azinzile, avumela izithako ezisekelwe emanzini namafutha ukuthi zixubane, okuholela kuma-creams nama-lotion anokwakheka okubushelelezi nokufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sama-phospholipids siwenza akwazi ukulingisa isithiyo semvelo samafutha esikhumba, okwenza isikhumba sibe manzi ngempumelelo futhi sivimbele ukulahleka kwamanzi, okuzuzisa ukugcina umswakama wesikhumba nokuvimbela ukoma.
Ama-phospholipid afana ne-lecithin asetshenziswe njengezinto zokwengeza kanye nezimonyo emikhiqizweni eyahlukahlukene yezimonyo kanye nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, okuhlanganisa okhilimu, ama-lotion, ama-serum, kanye nezivikelo zelanga. Amandla azo okuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, ukuzizwa, kanye nezakhiwo zokumonyoza zale mikhiqizo kuzenza zibe izithako ezibalulekile embonini yezimonyo.
B. Ukuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo
Ama-phospholipid adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwezimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. Amandla awo okwenza ama-liposome, ama-vesicle akhiwe ngama-bilayers e-phospholipid, avumela ukufakwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo, njengamavithamini, ama-antioxidants, nezinye izithako ezizuzisayo. Lokhu ukufakwa kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza, ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokulethwa okuqondiwe kwala makhemikhali asebenzayo esikhumbeni, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwawo emikhiqizweni yezimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokulethwa ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid zisetshenziswe ukunqoba izinselele zokuletha amakhemikhali asebenzayo angenawo umoya kanye nangenawo umoya, okwenza kube abathwali abaguquguqukayo bezinhlobo eziningi zezinto zokuhlobisa. Izakhiwo ze-liposomal eziqukethe ama-phospholipid zisetshenziswe kabanzi emikhiqizweni yokulwa nokuguga, ukuthambisa, kanye nokulungisa isikhumba, lapho zingaletha khona izithako ezisebenzayo ngempumelelo ezingqimbeni zesikhumba eziqondiwe.
C. Indima emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu
Ama-phospholipid adlala indima ebalulekile emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu, enegalelo ekusebenzeni kwayo kanye nokusebenza kahle. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zayo zokuqinisa, ukufumisa, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulethwa, ama-phospholipid aphinde anikeze izinzuzo ezifana nokulungisa isikhumba, ukuvikela, kanye nokulungisa. Lawa ma-molecule aguquguqukayo angasiza ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi oluphelele lwezinzwa kanye nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo, okwenza kube izithako ezidumile ekwakhiweni kokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
Ukufakwa kwama-phospholipid emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu kudlulela ngale kwama-moisturizer nama-cream, njengoba esetshenziswa nasezihlanzini, emithini yokuvikela ilanga, ekususeni izimonyo, kanye nasemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwezinwele. Imvelo yazo yokusebenza okuningi ivumela ukuthi zibhekane nezidingo ezahlukene zokunakekelwa kwesikhumba nezinwele, zinikeze izinzuzo zobuhle kanye nokwelapha kubathengi.
IV. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Phospholipids kwezemithi
A. Ukulethwa kwemithi kanye nokwakheka kwayo
Ama-phospholipid adlala indima ebalulekile ekulethweni nasekubunjweni kwemithi yezokwelapha ngenxa yemvelo yawo yokuphinga, evumela ukuthi akhe ama-lipid bilayers nama-vesicles akwazi ukumboza kokubili imithi ephinga amanzi kanye nephinga amanzi. Lesi sici senza ama-phospholipid athuthukise ukuncibilika, ukuzinza, kanye nokutholakala kwemithi engancibiliki kahle, okuthuthukisa amandla awo okusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid zingavikela nemithi ekuwohlokeni, zilawule i-kinetics yokukhululwa, futhi ziqondise amaseli noma izicubu ezithile, okufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle kwemithi kanye nemiphumela emibi encishisiwe.
Ikhono lama-phospholipid ukwakha izakhiwo ezizihlanganisayo, njenge-liposomes kanye ne-micelles, lisetshenziswe ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo zomthamo womlomo, we-parenteral, kanye nowe-topical. Izindlela ezisekelwe kuma-lipid, njenge-emulsions, ama-nanoparticles aqinile e-lipid, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi ezizihlanganisayo, zivame ukufaka ama-phospholipids ukuze kunqotshwe izinselele ezihambisana nokuncibilika kwemithi kanye nokumuncwa kwayo, ekugcineni kuthuthukiswe imiphumela yokwelapha yemikhiqizo yemithi.
B. Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi ye-liposomal
Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ze-liposomal ziyisibonelo esivelele sendlela ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa ngayo ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi. Ama-liposome, akhiwe ngama-bilayers e-phospholipid, anekhono lokuhlanganisa izidakamizwa ngaphakathi kwe-aqueous core yawo noma ama-bilayers e-lipid, ahlinzeka ngendawo evikelayo futhi alawule ukukhishwa kwemithi. Lezi zinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi zingenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulethwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi, okuhlanganisa ama-chemotherapeutic agents, ama-antibiotic, kanye nemijovo, okunikeza izinzuzo ezifana nesikhathi eside sokujikeleza kwegazi, ukunciphisa ubuthi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuqondiswa kwezicubu noma amaseli athile.
Ukuguquguquka kwama-liposome kuvumela ukuguqulwa kosayizi wawo, ukushaja, kanye nezakhiwo zomphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulayisha kwemithi, ukuzinza, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezicubu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokwenziwa kwe-liposomal ezivunyelwe ngokwezokwelapha zezinhlelo ezahlukene zokwelapha, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwama-phospholipid ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokulethwa kwemithi.
C. Izicelo ezingaba khona ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa
Ama-phospholipid anamandla okusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa ngale kwezinhlelo zokulethwa kwemithi ezivamile. Amandla awo okuxhumana nama-membrane esisele kanye nokulawula izinqubo zamaseli anikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa amasu amasha okwelapha. Ukwakheka okusekelwe kuma-phospholipid kuhlolisiswe ikhono lawo lokuqondisa izindlela zangaphakathi kweseli, ukuguqula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokwelapha ezahlukahlukene, okuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ezindaweni ezifana nokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo, umuthi wokuvuselela, kanye nokwelashwa komdlavuza okuqondisiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phospholipid ahlolwe ngendima yawo ekukhuthazeni ukulungiswa nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu, ebonisa amandla ekwelapheni amanxeba, ubunjiniyela bezicubu, kanye nemithi yokuvuselela. Amandla awo okulingisa ulwelwesi lweseli lwemvelo nokuxhumana nezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo enza ama-phospholipid abe yindlela ethembisayo yokuthuthukisa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nezindlela zokwelapha.
V. Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo
A. Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ngokomthetho kanye nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid ekudleni, ezimonyweni, nasemithini yemithi kuveza izinto ezahlukahlukene zokulawula kanye nokukhathazeka kokuphepha. Embonini yokudla, ama-phospholipid avame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto ezihlanganisa izithako ezisebenzayo, eziqinisayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo, njenge-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e-United States kanye ne-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) eYurophu, ziqondisa ukuphepha kanye nokulebula kwemikhiqizo yokudla equkethe ama-phospholipid. Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithasiselo zokudla ezisekelwe kuma-phospholipid ziphephile ukusetshenziswa futhi zihambisana nemithetho emisiwe.
Embonini yezimonyo, ama-phospholipid asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, ukunakekelwa kwezinwele, kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezithambisayo, ezithambisayo, nezithuthukisa izithiyo zesikhumba. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo, njenge-European Union's Cosmetics Regulation kanye ne-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ziqapha ukuphepha kanye nokulebula kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo equkethe ama-phospholipid ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwabathengi. Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kanye nezifundo ezinobuthi kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe iphrofayili yokuphepha yezithako zezimonyo ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid.
Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukuphepha kanye nokubhekwa kokulawula kwama-phospholipid kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwakheka kwama-liposomal, kanye nezinto ezisizayo kwezokwelapha. Iziphathimandla ezilawulayo, njenge-FDA kanye ne-European Medicines Agency (EMA), zihlola ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezokwelapha equkethe ama-phospholipid ngezinqubo eziqinile zokuhlola ngaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha okuhlobene nama-phospholipids kwezokwelapha kugxile kakhulu ebubini obungaba khona, ukuqina komzimba, kanye nokuhambisana nezinto zemithi.
B. Izitayela ezintsha kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid ekudleni, ezimonyweni, nakwezemithi kubhekene nezitayela ezintsha kanye nentuthuko entsha. Embonini yokudla, ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid njengezinto zemvelo ezihlanganisa ama-emulsifiers kanye nezinzinzisi kuya ngokuya kuthandwa, kuqhutshwa yisidingo esikhulayo selebula elihlanzekile kanye nezithako zokudla zemvelo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, njenge-nanoemulsions ezinziswe ama-phospholipids, buyahlolwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncibilika kanye nokutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kwezingxenye zokudla ezisebenzayo, njengezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisa ama-vitamins.
Embonini yezimonyo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid ekwakhiweni kokunakekelwa kwesikhumba okuthuthukisiwe kuyindlela evelele, kugxilwe ezinhlelweni zokulethwa okusekelwe ku-lipid ukuze kutholakale izithako ezisebenzayo kanye nokulungiswa kwezithiyo zesikhumba. Izakhi ezifaka ama-nanocarrier asekelwe ku-phospholipid, njenge-liposomes kanye nama-nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokulethwa okuqondiwe kwezakhi zobuhle, okunegalelo emisha elwa nokuguga, ukuvikelwa kwelanga, kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba eyenzelwe wena.
Ngaphakathi komkhakha wezokwelapha, izitayela ezisafufusa zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-phospholipid zihlanganisa imithi eyenzelwe wena, ukwelashwa okuqondiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ezihlanganisiwe. Izithwali ezithuthukisiwe ezisekelwe ku-lipid, okuhlanganisa ama-nanoparticles e-hybrid lipid-polymer kanye nama-conjugates ezidakamizwa asekelwe ku-lipid, ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulethwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezintsha nezikhona, kuxazululwe izinselele ezihlobene nokuncibilika kwezidakamizwa, ukuzinza, kanye nokuqondiswa kwendawo ethile.
C. Amathuba okubambisana phakathi kwezimboni ezahlukene kanye namathuba okuthuthukiswa
Ukuguquguquka kwama-phospholipid kuveza amathuba okubambisana phakathi kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha lapho kuhlangana khona ukudla, izimonyo, kanye nemithi. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezimboni kungasiza ukushintshana kolwazi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemikhuba emihle ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid emikhakheni ehlukene. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe ezinhlelweni zokulethwa ezisekelwe kuma-lipid ezivela embonini yemithi bungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ezisekelwe kuma-lipid ekudleni nasezimonyweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlangana kokudla, izimonyo, kanye nemithi kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi ebhekana nezidingo zezempilo, impilo enhle, kanye nobuhle. Isibonelo, izakhamzimba kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlobisa ehlanganisa ama-phospholipids kuvela ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezimboni ezahlukene, okunikeza izixazululo ezintsha ezikhuthaza izinzuzo zezempilo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lokhu kubambisana kukhulisa namathuba ezinhlelo zocwaningo nentuthuko ezihlose ukuhlola ukusebenzisana okungenzeka kanye nokusetshenziswa okusha kwama-phospholipid ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi.
VI. Isiphetho
A. Isifinyezo sokuguquguquka nokubaluleka kwama-phospholipid
Ama-phospholipid adlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukene, enikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezicelo emkhakheni wokudla, izimonyo, kanye nemithi. Isakhiwo sawo samakhemikhali esiyingqayizivele, esihlanganisa izifunda ezihlala emanzini kanye nezindawo ezihlala emanzini, siwenza akwazi ukusebenza njengezinto ezihlanganisa amanzi, izinzisi, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo. Embonini yokudla, ama-phospholipid anegalelo ekuzinzeni nasekuthungeni kokudla okucutshunguliwe, kuyilapho ezimonyweni, enikeza izakhiwo ezithambisayo, ezithambisayo, nezithuthukisa izithiyo emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yemithi isebenzisa ama-phospholipid ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwakheka kwe-liposomal, kanye nezinto ezisiza ngemithi ngenxa yamandla awo okuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuqondisa izindawo ezithile zokusebenza.
B. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nezicelo zezimboni
Njengoba ucwaningo emkhakheni wama-phospholipid luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kunemiphumela eminingana ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni. Okokuqala, ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusebenzisana okungenzeka phakathi kwama-phospholipid kanye nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe kungavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha eminingi ehlangabezana nezidingo ezishintshayo zabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid kumapulatifomu obuchwepheshe asafufusa njenge-nanoemulsions, ama-nanocarriers asekelwe kuma-lipid, kanye nama-nanoparticles e-hybrid lipid-polymer kunesithembiso sokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulethwa okuqondiwe kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo ekudleni, ezimonyweni, kanye nasemithini yemithi. Lolu cwaningo lungaholela ekudalweni kwezindlela ezintsha zomkhiqizo ezinikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ngokombono wezimboni, ukubaluleka kwama-phospholipid ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kanye nokubambisana ngaphakathi nakuzo zonke izimboni. Njengoba kunesidingo esikhulayo sezithako zemvelo nezisebenzayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-phospholipid ekudleni, ezimonyweni, kanye nasemithini kunikeza izinkampani ithuba lokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, eqhubekayo evumelana nezintandokazi zabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid esikhathini esizayo kwezimboni kungase kuhilele ukubambisana phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene, lapho ulwazi nobuchwepheshe obuvela ezimbonini zokudla, ezimonyweni, kanye nemithi kungashintshaniswa khona ukuze kudalwe imikhiqizo emisha, enemisebenzi eminingi enikeza izinzuzo zezempilo nobuhle eziphelele.
Ekuphetheni, ukuguquguquka kwama-phospholipid kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ekudleni, ezimonyweni, kanye nasemithini kwenza kube yizingxenye ezibalulekile zemikhiqizo eminingi. Amandla awo ocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni avula indlela yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezithako ezisebenzayo eziningi kanye nokwakheka okusha, okwakha isimo semakethe yomhlaba wonke ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.
Izinkomba:
1. Mozafari, MR, Johnson, C., Hatziantoniou, S., & Demetzos, C. (2008). Ama-nanoliposome kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ku-nanotechnology yokudla. Ijenali Yocwaningo Lwe-Liposome, 18(4), 309-327.
2. Mezei, M., & Gulasekharam, V. (1980). Ama-Liposome - Uhlelo lokulethwa kwemithi olukhethiwe lomzila wokuphathwa. Ifomu lomthamo we-lotion. Life Sciences, 26(18), 1473-1477.
3. Williams, AC, & Barry, BW (2004). Izithuthukisi zokungena. Ukubuyekezwa Okuthuthukisiwe Kokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa, 56(4), 603-618.
4. Arouri, A., & Mouritsen, OG (2013). Ama-Phospholipid: ukwenzeka, i-biochemistry kanye nokuhlaziywa. Incwadi Yesandla Yama-hydrocolloids (Uhlelo Lwesibili), 94-123.
5. I-Berton-Carabin, CC, Ropers, MH, Genot, C., kanye ne-Lipid Emulsions kanye nesakhiwo sazo - Ijenali Yocwaningo Lwe-Lipid. (2014). izakhiwo ezihlanganisa i-phospholipids yezinga lokudla. Ijenali Yocwaningo Lwe-Lipid, 55(6), 1197-1211.
6. Wang, C., Zhou, J., Wang, S., Li, Y., Li, J., & Deng, Y. (2020). Izinzuzo zezempilo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipid emvelo ekudleni: Isibuyekezo. Isayensi Yokudla Entsha kanye Nezobuchwepheshe Ezivelayo, 102306. 8. Blezinger, P., & Harper, L. (2005). Ama-phospholipid ekudleni okusebenzayo. Ku-Dietary Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways (kk. 161-175). CRC Press.
7. Frankenfeld, BJ, & Weiss, J. (2012). Ama-Phospholipid ekudleni. Ku-Phospholipids: Characterization, Metabolism, and Novel Biological Applications (kk. 159-173). AOCS Press. 7. Hughes, AB, & Baxter, NJ (1999). Izakhiwo ze-emulsifying ze-phospholipids. Ku-Food emulsions kanye nama-foam (kk. 115-132). Royal Society of Chemistry
8. Lopes, LB, & Bentley, MVLB (2011). Ama-Phospholipid ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kwezimonyo: ukufuna okungcono kakhulu emvelweni. Ku-Nanocosmetics kanye ne-nanomedicines. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
9. Schmid, D. (2014). Indima yama-phospholipid emvelo ekwakhiweni kwezimonyo nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Ku-Advances in Cosmetics Science (kk. 245-256). Springer, Cham.
10. Jenning, V., & Gohla, SH (2000). Ukufakwa kwama-retinoids kuma-nanoparticles aqinile e-lipid (SLN). I-Journal of Microencapsulation, 17(5), 577-588. 5. Rukavina, Z., Chiari, A., & Schubert, R. (2011). Ukwakheka kwezimonyo okuthuthukisiwe ngokusebenzisa ama-liposome. Ku-Nanocosmetics kanye ne-nanomedicines. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
11. Neubert, RHH, Schneider, M., & Kutkowska, J. (2005). Ama-Phospholipids emithini yezimonyo kanye nemithi. Ku-Anti-Aging in Ophthalmology (kk. 55-69). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 6. Bottari, S., Freitas, RCD, Villa, RD, & Senger, AEVG (2015). Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phospholipids endaweni: isu elithembisayo lokulungisa isithiyo sesikhumba. I-Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21(29), 4331-4338.
12. Torchilin, V. (2005). Incwadi Yemiyalelo Ye-pharmacokinetics Ebalulekile, I-pharmacodynamics kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwemithi Kwezidakamizwa Kososayensi Bezimboni. I-Springer Science & Business Media.
13. Usuku, AA, & Nagarsenker, M. (2008). Ukuklama nokuhlolwa kwe-self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) ye-nimodipine. I-AAPS PharmSciTech, 9(1), 191-196.
2. Allen, TM, & Cullis, PR (2013). Izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ze-liposomal: Kusukela emqondweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha. Ukubuyekezwa Okuthuthukisiwe Kokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa, 65(1), 36-48. 5. Bozzuto, G., & Molinari, A. (2015). Ama-liposome njengamadivayisi ezokwelapha amancane. I-International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 975.
ULichtenberg, D., & Barenholz, Y. (1989). Ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha kwemithi ye-liposome: imodeli esebenzayo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo kokuhlola. Ukulethwa Kwezidakamizwa, 303-309. 6. Simons, K., & Vaz, WLC (2004). Izinhlelo zemodeli, ama-lipid raft, kanye nama-membrane eseli. Ukubuyekezwa Kwaminyaka Yonke kwe-Biophysics kanye neSakhiwo se-Biomolecular, 33(1), 269-295.
Williams, AC, & Barry, BW (2012). Izithuthukisi zokungena. Ku-Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption (pp. 283-314). CRC Press.
Muller, RH, Radtke, M., & Wissing, SA (2002). Ama-nanoparticles e-lipid aqinile (SLN) kanye nabathwali be-lipid abahlelekile (NLC) kumalungiselelo ezimonyo kanye nesikhumba. Ukubuyekezwa Kokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa Okuthuthukisiwe, 54, S131-S155.
2. Severino, P., Andreani, T., Macedo, AS, Fangueiro, JF, Santana, MHA, & Silva, AM (2018). Izitayela zamanje ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezindlela ezintsha kuma-lipid nanoparticles (SLN kanye ne-NLC) zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ngomlomo. Ijenali Yokulethwa Kwezidakamizwa Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe, 44, 353-368. 5. Torchilin, V. (2005). Incwadi Yemiyalelo Ye-pharmacokinetics Ebalulekile, I-pharmacodynamics kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwemithi Kososayensi Bezimboni. I-Springer Science & Business Media.
3. Williams, KJ, & Kelley, RL (2018). I-biotechnology yezemithi yezimboni. UJohn Wiley & Sons. 6. Simons, K., & Vaz, WLC (2004). Izinhlelo zamamodeli, ama-lipid raft, kanye nama-membrane eseli. Ukubuyekezwa Kwaminyaka Yonke kwe-Biophysics kanye neSakhiwo se-Biomolecular, 33(1), 269-295.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 27-2023
