I-Pure Methyltetrahydrofolate Calcium (5MTHF-Ca)

Igama Lomkhiqizo:I-L-5-MTHF-Ca
INOMBOLO YECAS.151533-22-1
I-Molecular Formula:I-C20H23CaN7O6
Isisindo se-Molecular:497.5179
Elinye Igama:I-CALCIUM-5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE;(6S)-N-[4-(2-Amino-1,4,5,6,7,8,-hexahydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinylmethylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutaminsure, Calciumsalz ( 1:1);I-L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid, usawoti we-calcium.

 

 

 


Imininingwane Yomkhiqizo

Omaka bomkhiqizo

Isingeniso Somkhiqizo

I-Pure Methyltetrahydrofolate Calcium (5-MTHF-Ca) iwuhlobo lwe-folate olutholakala kakhulu nge-bioavailable futhi lungasetshenziswa kalula ngumzimba.Iwusawoti we-calcium we-methyltetrahydrofolate, okuwuhlobo olusebenzayo lwe-folate emzimbeni.I-Folate iwuvithamini B obalulekile odlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zamaselula, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA, ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, nokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa.

I-MTHF-Ca ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengesithasiselo sokudla ukusekela amazinga e-folate kubantu okungenzeka babe nobunzima bokugaya noma ukumunca uhlobo lokwenziwa lwe-folic acid etholakala ekudleni okuqinisiwe nasezithanjeni.Kuzuzisa kakhulu kubantu abanezinguquko ezithile zofuzo ezingase ziphazamise i-folate metabolism.

Ukwengeza nge-MTHF-Ca kungasiza ukusekela impilo nokuphila kahle iyonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nempilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ukuthuthukiswa kweshubhu le-neural ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukusebenza kwengqondo, nokulawulwa kwemizwelo.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-MTHF-Ca kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kochwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezimo ezithile zezokwelapha noma labo abaphuza imithi ethile.

Ukucaciswa

Igama lomkhiqizo: I-L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate calcium
Omqondofana: 6S-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate calcium;I-Calcium L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate;Levomefolate calcium
I-Molecular Formula: I-C20H23CaN7O6
Isisindo se-Molecular: 497.52
Inombolo ye-CAS: 151533-22-1
Okuqukethwe: ≥ 95.00% nge-HPLC
Ukubukeka: Impushana eyikristale emhlophe ukuya kokuphuzi
Izwe azalelwe kulo: China
Iphakheji: 20kg/isigubhu
Impilo yeshelufu: Izinyanga ezingama-24
Isitoreji: Gcina endaweni epholile futhi eyomile.

 

Izinto
Imininingwane
Imiphumela
Ukubukeka
Impushana emhlophe noma emhlophe
Qinisekisa
Ukuhlonza
Okuhle
Qinisekisa
I-calcium
7.0%-8.5%
8.4%
I-D-5-Methylfolate
≤1.0
Ayitholakali
Izinsalela ekushiseni
≤0.5%
0.01%
Amanzi
≤17.0%
13.5%
I-Assay(HPLC)
95.0%-102.0%
99.5%
Umlotha
≤0.1%
0.05%
Insimbi Enzima
≤20 ppm
Qinisekisa
Inani Lepuleti Eliphelele
≤1000cfu/g
Ufanelekile
Imvubelo nesikhunta
≤100cfu/g
Ufanelekile
E.coil
Okubi
Okubi
I-Salmonella
Okubi
Okubi

Izici

I-bioavailability ephezulu:I-MTHF-Ca iwuhlobo lwe-folate olutholakala kakhulu nge-bioavailable, okusho ukuthi lungamuncwa kalula futhi lusetshenziswe umzimba.Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba abanye abantu bangase babe nobunzima ekuguquleni i-folic acid yokwenziwa ibe yisimo sayo esisebenzayo.

Ifomu elisebenzayo le-folate:I-MTHF-Ca iwuhlobo olusebenzayo lwe-folate, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-methyltetrahydrofolate.Leli fomu lisetshenziswa kalula ngumzimba futhi alidingi izinqubo zokuguqula ezengeziwe.

I-Calcium Salt:I-MTHF-Ca ingusawoti we-calcium, okusho ukuthi iboshelwe ku-calcium.Lokhu kunikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe ye-calcium supplementation kanye nokusekelwa kwe-folate.I-calcium ibalulekile empilweni yamathambo, ukusebenza kwemisipha, ukudluliswa kwemizwa, neminye imisebenzi yomzimba.

Ifanele abantu abanezinhlobo ezithile zofuzo:I-MTHF-Ca inenzuzo ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezinguquko ezithile zofuzo ezingase ziphazamise i-folate metabolism.Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kungathinta ikhono lomzimba lokuguqula i-folic acid ibe ifomu layo elisebenzayo, okwenza ukufakwa kwe-folate esebenzayo kudingeke.

Isekela izici ezihlukahlukene zempilo:Ukwengezwa kwe-MTHF-Ca kungasekela impilo nokuphila kahle iyonke.Inenzuzo ikakhulukazi empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, ukuthuthukiswa kweshubhu le-neural ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukusebenza kwengqondo, nokulawulwa kwemizwelo.

Izinzuzo Zezempilo

I-Pure Methyltetrahydrofolate Calcium (MTHF-Ca) inikeza izinzuzo eziningi zezempilo:

Ukwesekwa kwe-Folate metabolism:I-MTHF-Ca iwuhlobo olutholakala nge-bioavailable kakhulu futhi olusebenzayo lwe-folate.Kuyasiza ukusekela umzimba we-folate metabolism, obalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-DNA, ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, nokusebenza kwawo wonke amaseli.

Impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi:Amazinga anele e-folate abalulekile empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.I-MTHF-Ca supplementation ingasiza ekunciphiseni amazinga e-homocysteine, i-amino acid okuthi, lapho iphakanyisiwe, ihlotshaniswe nengozi eyengeziwe yesifo senhliziyo.

Ukwesekwa kokukhulelwa:I-MTHF-Ca ibalulekile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, njengoba isiza ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwe-neural tube ekukhuleni kwengane.Kunconywa kwabesifazane abaneminyaka yobudala ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi banamazinga anele e-folate, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala sokukhulelwa.

Ukulawulwa kwemizwa:I-Folate idlala indima ebalulekile ku-neurotransmitter synthesis.Amazinga e-folate anele asekela ukukhiqizwa kwe-serotonin, i-dopamine, ne-norepinephrine, ebalulekile ekulawuleni imizwa.Ukwengezwa kwe-MTHF-Ca kungase kube yinzuzo kubantu abanokuphazamiseka kwemizwa, njengokucindezeleka.

Umsebenzi wokuqonda:I-Folate ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwengqondo nempilo yobuchopho.Ukwengezwa kwe-MTHF-Ca kungase kusekele inkumbulo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, nokusebenza kwengqondo okuphelele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala asebekhulile.

Ukwesekwa kokudla okunomsoco:Ukwengezwa kwe-MTHF-Ca kungaba yinzuzo kubantu abanezinguquko zofuzo ezithinta i-folate metabolism.Laba bantu bangase babe nobunzima bokuguqula i-folic acid yokwenziwa ibe yisimo sayo esisebenzayo.I-MTHF-Ca inikeza uhlobo olusebenzayo lwe-folate ngokuqondile, idlula noma yiziphi izinkinga zokuguqulwa.

Isicelo

Ama-Nutraceuticals kanye nezithako zokudla:I-MTHF-Ca ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengesithako esibalulekile ezithasiselweni zokudla okunomsoco kanye nama-nutraceuticals.Inikeza uhlobo lwe-folate olutholakala kakhulu nge-bioavailable, olunikeza izinzuzo eziningi zezempilo, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili.

Ukuqinisa ukudla neziphuzo:I-MTHF-Ca ingafakwa emikhiqizweni yokudla nesiphuzo ukuze iqinise nge-folate.Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emikhiqizweni ebhekelela abantu abanokusilela kwe-folate noma ukwanda kwezidingo ze-folate, njengabesifazane abakhulelwe noma abantu abanezimo ezithile zempilo.

Ukwakhiwa kwemithi:I-MTHF-Ca ingasetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemithi njengesithako esisebenzayo.Ingase isetshenziswe emithini eqondiswe ezimeni ezithile ezihlobene nokushoda kwe-folate noma ukonakala kwe-folate metabolism, njenge-anemia noma ukuphazamiseka okuthile kofuzo.

Ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nezimonyo:I-MTHF-Ca kwesinye isikhathi ifakwa emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu nezimonyo ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezingaba khona empilweni yesikhumba.I-Folate ibandakanyeka ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zamangqamuzana esikhumba futhi ingaba nomthelela empilweni nasekubukekeni kwayo yonke.

Ukudla kwezilwane:I-MTHF-Ca ingabuye ifakwe ekudleni kwezilwane ukwengeza izilwane nge-folate.Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini zemfuyo nezinkukhu, lapho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukudla okwanele ukuze kukhule kahle kanye nempilo.

Lezi zinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza zigqamisa ukuguquguquka kwe-MTHF-Ca kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okungenzeka ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwezempilo okuhlobene ne-folate kanye nezidingo zokudla okunomsoco.Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela imihlahlandlela efanele yemithamo futhi uxhumane nochwepheshe lapho ufaka i-MTHF-Ca kunoma yimuphi umkhiqizo noma ukwakhiwa.

Imininingwane Yokukhiqiza (Ishadi Eligelezayo)

Ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa:Inqubo iqala ngokutholwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zekhwalithi ephezulu.Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni i-MTHF-Ca yi-folic acid nosawoti we-calcium.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-folic acid ku-5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF):I-Folic acid iguqulwa ibe yi-5,10-MTHF ngenqubo yokunciphisa.Lesi sinyathelo ngokuvamile sihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-ejenti okunciphisa njenge-sodium borohydride noma amanye ama-catalysts afanelekile.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-5,10-MTHF ukuze i-MTHF-Ca:I-5,10-MTHF iphinde iphendule ngosawoti we-calcium ofanele, njenge-calcium hydroxide noma i-calcium carbonate, ukuze yakhe i-Methyltetrahydrofolate Calcium (MTHF-Ca).Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuxuba ama-reactants futhi uwavumele ukuthi asabele ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, i-pH, nesikhathi sokuphendula.
Ukuhlanzwa nokuhlunga:Ngemuva kokusabela, isixazululo se-MTHF-Ca singena ezinqubweni zokuhlanza ezifana nokuhlunga, i-centrifugation, noma amanye amasu okuhlukanisa ukuze kususwe ukungcola kanye nemikhiqizo engase yakheke ngesikhathi sokusabela.
Ukomisa nokuqinisa:Isixazululo esihlanziwe se-MTHF-Ca sibe sesiphinde sicutshungulwa ukuze kususwe umswakama oweqile futhi kuqiniswe umkhiqizo wokugcina.Lokhu kungafezwa ngamasu anjengokomisa isifutho noma ukomisa iqhwa, kuye ngefomu lomkhiqizo olifunayo.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuhlola:Umkhiqizo wokugcina we-MTHF-Ca ungaphansi kwezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka kwawo, ukuzinza, nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezishiwo.Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlolwa kokungcola, amandla, neminye imingcele efanele.
Ukupakisha nokugcina:I-MTHF-Ca ifakwe ezitsheni ezifanele, iqinisekisa izimo zokulebula ezifanele kanye nezimo zokugcina ukugcina ubuqotho nokuzinza kwayo.Ivamise ukugcinwa endaweni eyomile, epholile kude nelanga eliqondile.

Ukupakisha kanye Nesevisi

Isitoreji: Gcina endaweni epholile, eyomile, nehlanzekile, Vikela kumswakama nokukhanya okuqondile.
Iphakethe lenqwaba: 25kg / isigubhu.
Isikhathi Sokuhola: Izinsuku eziyi-7 ngemuva kwe-oda lakho.
Impilo yeshelufu: iminyaka emi-2.
Phawula: Ukucaciswa okwenziwe ngezifiso nakho kungafinyelelwa.

ukupakisha (2)

20kg/isikhwama 500kg/pallet

ukupakisha (2)

Ukupakisha okuqinisiwe

ukupakisha (3)

Logistics security

Izindlela Zokukhokha Nezokudiliva

Express
Ngaphansi kwe-100kg, izinsuku ezi-3-5
Isevisi yendlu ngendlu kulula ukuthatha izimpahla

Ngasolwandle
Over 300kg, Cishe izinsuku ezingu-30
Kudingeka ichweba eliya esikhungweni somdayiseli wokuthola imvume

Ngomoya
100kg-1000kg, 5-7Izinsuku
Kudingeka umthengisi wemvume yochwepheshe wesikhumulo sezindiza oya esikhumulweni sezindiza

trans

Isitifiketi

I-Pure Methyltetrahydrofolate Calcium (5-MTHF-Ca)iqinisekiswe ngesitifiketi se-ISO, isitifiketi se-HALAL, nesitifiketi se-KOSHER.

CE

I-FAQ (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)

Umehluko Phakathi Kwesizukulwane Sesine Se-Folic Acid (5-MTHF) Ne-Traditional Folic Acid?

Umehluko phakathi kwesizukulwane sesine se-folic acid (5-MTHF) kanye ne-folic acid yomdabu usekwakheni kwamakhemikhali nokutholakala kwe-bioavailability emzimbeni.

Isakhiwo samakhemikhali:I-folic acid yomdabu iwuhlobo lokwenziwa lwe-folate oludinga ukuguqulwa kwezinyathelo eziningi emzimbeni ngaphambi kokuthi lusetshenziswe.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-folic acid yesizukulwane sesine, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-5-MTHF noma i-Methyltetrahydrofolate, iwuhlobo olusebenzayo, olutholakala nge-bioavailable lwe-folate olungadingi ukuguqulwa.

I-Bioavailability:I-folic acid yendabuko idinga ukuguqulelwa esimweni sayo esisebenzayo, i-5-MTHF, ngokusabela kwe-enzymatic emzimbeni.Le nqubo yokuguqula iyahlukahluka phakathi kwabantu futhi ingathonywa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo noma ezinye izici.Ngokuphambene, i-5-MTHF isivele isesimweni sayo esisebenzayo, okwenza itholakale kalula ukuze ithathwe futhi isetshenziswe amaselula.

Ukumuncwa kanye nokusetshenziswa:Ukumuncwa kwe-folic acid yendabuko kwenzeka emathunjini amancane, lapho idinga ukuguqulwa ibe yifomu elisebenzayo nge-enzyme i-dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).Kodwa-ke, le nqubo yokuguqula ayisebenzi kahle kwabanye abantu, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-bioavailability.I-5-MTHF, okuyifomu elisebenzayo, imuncwa kalula futhi isetshenziswe ngumzimba, yeqa inqubo yokuguqula.Lokhu kuyenza ibe yifomu ekhethwayo kubantu abanezinguquko zofuzo noma izimo ezithinta i-folate metabolism.

Ukufaneleka kwabantu abathile:Ngenxa yomehluko ekumunceni nasekusetshenzisweni, i-5-MTHF ithathwa njengefaneleka kakhulu kubantu abanezinguquko ezithile zofuzo, njengokuguquguquka kofuzo kwe-MTHFR, okungakhinyabeza ukuguqulwa kwe-folic acid ibe sesimweni sayo esisebenzayo.Kulaba bantu, ukusebenzisa i-5-MTHF ngokuqondile kungaqinisekisa amazinga afanele e-folate emzimbeni futhi kusekele imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezinto eziphilayo.

Ukwengeza:I-folic acid yendabuko ivame ukutholakala ezithasiselweni, ekudleni okuqinile, nasekudleni okugayiwe, njengoba izinzile futhi ingabizi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukutholakala okukhulayo kwezithako ze-5-MTHF ezihlinzeka ngefomu elisebenzayo ngokuqondile, okungaba yinzuzo kubantu abanobunzima bokuguqula i-folic acid.

Imithelela Engaba khona Yesizukulwane Sesine se-Folic Acid (5-MTHF)?

Imiphumela emibi ye-folic acid yesizukulwane sesine (5-MTHF) ngokuvamile ayivamile futhi imnene, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukusabela okungaba khona:

Ukungezwani komzimba:Njenganoma yisiphi isengezo noma imithi, ukungezwani komzimba kungenzeka.Izimpawu zingase zihlanganisa ukuqubuka, ukulunywa, ukuvuvukala, isiyezi, noma ukuphefumula kanzima.Uma uhlangabezana nanoma iyiphi yalezi zimpawu, funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Izinkinga zokugaya ukudla:Abanye abantu bangase baphatheke kabi emathunjini, njengesicanucanu, ukuqunjelwa, igesi, noma isifo sohudo.Lezi zimpawu zivame ukuba zesikhashana futhi ziyancipha njengoba umzimba ulungisa ibhekwa.

Ukusebenzelana nemithi:I-5-MTHF ingase ihlanganyele nemithi ethile, okuhlanganisa imithi esetshenziselwa ukwelashwa komdlavuza, ama-anticonvulsants, i-methotrexate, nama-antibiotic athile.Kubalulekile ukukhuluma nomhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma uthatha noma yimiphi imithi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana okungase kube khona.

I-overdose noma amazinga e-folate eyeqile:Nakuba kungavamile, ukudla ngokweqile kwe-folate (kuhlanganise ne-5-MTHF) kungaholela emazingeni aphezulu egazi we-folate.Lokhu kungase kufihle izimpawu zokushoda kwevithamini B12 futhi kuthinte ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezimo ezithile.Kubalulekile ukulandela umthamo onconyiwe futhi uxhumane nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze uthole isiqondiso.

Okunye okucatshangelwayo:Abesifazane abakhulelwe noma labo abahlela ukukhulelwa kufanele bakhulume nomhlinzeki wabo wezempilo ngaphambi kokuthatha imithamo ephakeme ye-5-MTHF, njengoba ukudla ngokweqile kwe-folate kungafihla izimpawu zokushoda kwe-vitamin B12, okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-neural tube ku-fetus.

Njenganoma yisiphi isithasiselo sokudla noma imithi, kuyadingeka ukuxoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-folic acid yesizukulwane sesine (5-MTHF) nomhlinzeki wezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma unezimo zempilo ezicashile noma uthatha eminye imithi.Bangakunikeza iseluleko somuntu ngamunye ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakho ezithile futhi basize ukuqapha noma yimiphi imiphumela emibi engaba khona.

Ubufakazi besayensi obusekela ukuphumelela kwesizukulwane sesine se-folic acid (5-MTHF)?

I-folic acid yesizukulwane sesine, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), iwuhlobo lwe-folate olusebenza ngokwebhayoloji olumuncwa kalula futhi lusetshenziswe umzimba uma kuqhathaniswa nokwengeza kwe-folic acid okungokwesiko.Nazi ezinye izifundo zesayensi ezisekela ukusebenza kahle kwayo:

Ukwenyuka kwe-bioavailability:I-5-MTHF ikhonjiswe ukuthi ine-bioavailability enkulu kune-folic acid.Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-American Journal of Clinical Nutrition luqhathanise i-bioavailability ye-folic acid kanye ne-5-MTHF kwabesifazane abanempilo.Ithole ukuthi i-5-MTHF yamuncwa ngokushesha futhi yaholela emazingeni aphezulu e-folate kumaseli abomvu egazi.

Isimo se-folate esithuthukisiwe:Ucwaningo oluningana lukhombisile ukuthi ukwengezwa nge-5-MTHF kungakhuphula ngempumelelo amazinga e-folate yegazi.Ocwaningweni olulawulwa ngokungahleliwe olushicilelwe ku-Journal of Nutrition, abacwaningi baqhathanisa imiphumela ye-5-MTHF kanye ne-folic acid supplementation esimweni se-folate kwabesifazane abanempilo.Bathole ukuthi i-5-MTHF yayisebenza kangcono ekwandiseni amazinga e-folate yamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kune-folic acid.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-folic acid metabolism:I-5-MTHF ikhonjiswe ukuthi idlula izinyathelo ze-enzymatic ezidingekayo ukuze kusebenze i-folic acid futhi ibambe iqhaza ngokuqondile kumetabolism ye-folic acid yeselula.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism lubonise ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-5-MTHF kuthuthukisa i-intracellular folate metabolism kubantu abanezinguquko zofuzo kuma-enzyme abandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kwe-folic acid.

Amazinga e-homocysteine ​​ancishisiwe:Amazinga aphezulu e-homocysteine, i-amino acid egazini, ahlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo zenhliziyo.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-5-MTHF kunganciphisa ngempumelelo amazinga e-homocysteine.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta okushicilelwe ku-Journal of the American College of Nutrition kuhlaziye izivivinyo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe ezingama-29 futhi kwaphetha ngokuthi ukwesekwa kwe-5-MTHF kwasebenza kakhulu kune-folic acid ekwehliseni amazinga e-homocysteine.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimpendulo zomuntu ngamunye ekwengezeni zingahlukahluka, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwe-5-MTHF kungase kuncike ezintweni ezifana nokuhluka kofuzo kuma-enzyme e-folate metabolism kanye nokudla okuphelele kokudla.Kuhlale kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nomhlinzeki wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuze uthole iseluleko esiqondene nawe mayelana nokwengeza kanye nokuxoxa nganoma yiziphi izinkathazo noma izimo ezithile zempilo.


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